Employers' perspectives on benefit conditionality in the UK and Denmark

This article examines the under-explored demand-side of active labour market policies (ALMPs). Based on interview data from a comparative study of the UK and Denmark, the paper analyses employers' perspectives and experiences of ALMPs. In both countries, employers were favourably disposed towards employing unemployed jobseekers but held negative views on conditionality. First, benefit conditionality led to employers receiving large numbers of unsuitable and unfiltered job applications, with associated negative resource impacts. Second, employers perceived this as a product of ‘box ticking' and compliance targets. Finally, employers criticised policy and media rhetoric for focusing solely on the supply-side and for problematizing unemployed candidates. The paper argues that these crucial, but neglected, employer perspectives demonstrate that the current benefit conditionality regime in the UK risks irrevocably ‘tarnishing' candidates, which undermines, rather than enhances, their chances of securing employment through ALMPs. This unique dataset provides further evidence that the current direction of policy requires urgent and radical re-thinking.     

不同冷链服务模式下生鲜农产品供应链决策

基于单物流服务商、单供应商和单零售商构成的生鲜农产品供应链，构建3种冷链服务模式：承诺模式、提前要求模式与延后要求模式，探讨不同冷链服务模式对定价与冷链服务水平、企业绩效的影响。研究发现：某种冷链服务模式是否有利于消减数量与质量损耗依赖于产品易腐性、冷链服务成本及其分担比例。供应链成员无法在承诺模式与提前要求模式下形成统一的模式偏好。当物流服务商承担的冷链服务成本比例较低时，相比于提前要求模式，供应商偏好承诺模式，否则，偏好提前要求模式。承诺模式比提前要求模式更有利于物流服务商，然而对于零售商，结果正好相反。数值实验表明，虽然供应链成员无法对冷链服务模式形成整体的一致性偏好，但仍可实现局部的一致性偏好。     

论作为创新信息系统的专利制度

专利制度发挥着一种受信赖的信息系统之作用，它被视为信息可靠性的保障，降低了发明信息的传递成本和交易成本。它所意欲促进扩散的创新信息不仅指技术信息，还包括与技术相关的非技术信息。非技术信息对于技术扩散也具有重要的意义，但其价值常常被人们漠视，其原因在于人们对专利制度如何促进技术信息扩散的作用机理产生了错误的认识。专利制度不仅应该通过公开充分性制度来实现技术信息的扩散，它还需要通过权利要求解释、侵权救济与权利例外等制度的完善来实现非技术信息的扩散。因此，传统上的“专利公开”概念应该予以拓宽。     

Social service purchasing in China: Rationale,features, and risks

As part of a broader program of market reform, China's local governments are progressing an agenda of purchasing child welfare and other social services from the nongovernment sector, primarily to expand capacity and address vast unmet need. This paper draws on current research evidence to explore the approaches to purchasing emerging in China, examining the rationale for purchasing and models of supply, competition, and regulation. While some approaches are modeled on direct service contracting, direct purchasing of social service “posts” is also used, aimed at achieving goals of professionalization alongside service expansion. Overall, the review shows purchasing is helping to rapidly expand service scale and capacity; however, regulatory strategies for managing and mitigating risks to quality and access appear lacking. This highlights the need for further scholarship aimed at developing the robust risk management strategies which are required to support high quality, sustainable provision of purchased services.     

Sexual Health Services for Homeless Youth: A Qualitative Analysis of their Experiences

The sexual health problems experienced by homeless youth bring into question their use of available sexual health services. Using a qualitative typological analysis, this study aims to identify sexual health services utilization profiles for homeless youth, and to understand the role of the homeless experience on the utilization of sexual health services. Individual interviews were conducted with 33 homeless youth (17 men, 16 women) between 18 and 25?years of age. Typological analysis identified four profiles: (1) a targeted use of sexual health services to determine one’s serological status following a relational change during the homeless experience; (2) a limited use of sexual health services to manage sexual emergencies that arise during the homeless experience; (3) a regular use of sexual health services to avoid the risks associated with the homeless experience; (4) a frequent use of sexual health services to obtain support when engaging in prostitution during the homeless experience. This study shows that the precarious and unstable conditions within the homeless experience incite youth to utilize sexual health services in different ways. These findings point to the importance of rethinking sexual health services to better adapt them to the different utilization profiles of homeless youth.     

中国智能经济的涌现机制

我国智能经济的发展内生于经济转型升级过程中创造的智能化需求。与AI 1.0不同，新一代人工智能(AI 2.0)不再是简单用计算机模拟人的智能，而是基于网络空间发展的数据智能，即智能机器、人和网络相互融合的智能系统。智能经济是以数据和计算为“关键生产要素”的新经济形态，包括人工智能的产业化和产业的智能化过程中创造的新产品、新技术、新模式和新业态。互联网，尤其是移动互联网发展中创造出的数据生态优势是中国人工智能科技产业发展的前提和基础。在拥有数据生态优势的条件下，强烈的需求牵引、产学研协同创新、创新生态系统的高度开放性和核心产业部门与融合产业部门的融合发展，共同构成了中国智能经济发展的关键机制。     

农业机械化服务对粮食生产成本效率的影响——来自中国小麦主产区的经验证据

运用超越对数SFA模型测算1994—2016年中国15个小麦主产地区成本效率，继而构建空间杜宾计量模型考察农业机械化服务对小麦生产成本效率的直接影响与空间溢出效应。结果表明：中国小麦生产成本效率仍存在17.3%的损失；农业机械化服务对小麦成本效率具有正向显著的直接效应和空间溢出效应，即本区域农机化水平对其他区域小麦成本效率有显著的正向影响；从空间维度来看，农业机械化的空间溢出效应主要表现在经度相近地区之间，纬度相近地区之间并不显著；从时间维度看，2004年前后农业机械化的空间溢出效应具有明显差异，2004年之后空间溢出效应更加明显。据此提出农机补贴向农机服务组织倾斜，建设和推广农机信息平台以及作物种植沿经度布局的政策建议。     

“共享员工”制度常态化可行性研究

新冠疫情期间,企业为了缓解各方面压力,探索出"共享员工"新型用工形式,具体表现为企业间共享模式、用工单位直接与劳动者签订劳务合同以及在第三方介入下实现员工共享。中央及地方政府也纷纷推出鼓励"共享员工"发展的政策。但是"共享员工"制度是否能在常时条件下成为一种用工形式仍存在一系列问题。"共享员工"制度常态化的可能性应从其对劳务派遣制度"三性"的突破、对传统员工借调主体范围的扩大以及对共享经济用工模式的补充等方面分析。"共享员工"制度实现常态化需要以平台经济为依托,借助政府监督机构,对其他用工制度的不足进行修复式移用。     

劳动合同服务期规则的适用——以海南省某企业招聘信息为切入点

海南省某企业在其招聘广告中要求劳动者承诺终身服务,涉及服务期规则的适用问题。现行《劳动合同法》存在对劳动者过度保护的倾向性,劳动者约束性条款数量较少。而服务期规则作为用人单位长期留用人才的唯一法律依托,存在着可设定服务期的事项范围过窄、违约金条款不具有应有惩罚性的问题。服务期规则的不健全把企业吸引和培育人才的手段引向异端。司法实践中出现了对现行服务期规则进行突破的裁判或未突破现行规则但裁判结果有违诚信原则的情况。针对现状,建议拓宽可设定服务期的事项范围、改进违约金规则使其具有惩罚性来保障企业人力资本投入上的合理利益,同时规定最长服务期限来维护劳动者基本权益,从而最大限度地维持劳资双方利益平衡。     

Comparison on predictors of mental health service use among Asian older adults

Studies have mostly examined mental health service use of older Asian immigrant combining all Asian Americans into one group whereas immigration backgrounds and socioeconomic status of each Asian minority group are different. Therefore, this study aimed to identify predictors of mental health service use within specific ethnic groups among older Asian adults focusing on Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, and Vietnamese in California. The Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations (BMVP) is used to guide the secondary data analysis of a sample of 3,453 older Asian immigrants from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). Logistic and linear regression analyses are performed to examine predictors of mental health service use and the frequency of mental health service use, respectively. As results, mental health‐seeking patterns differ by ethnicity within the older Asian immigrant sample, not being married (Korean), higher levels of acculturation (Filipino), lower levels of neighborhood cohesion (Korean and Vietnamese), higher levels of perceived safety (Korean) and lower levels of perceived safety (Vietnamese), higher levels of mental distress (Korean and Filipino), and having perceived need (all) were related to more visits for mental health services. The study findings highlight the necessity of cultural competency services and programs for each Asian ethnicity.